Every peer-reviewed study cited across the Macropus Peptides range in one table. Search by title or journal, filter by compound, study model and year, and open any study on PubMed.
| Year | Study | Compound | Study type | Design | What was studied |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 PubMed: Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide |
Cagrilintide | Human | Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Body weight change and safety of cagrilintide with semaglutide versus components |
| 2025 | Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight New England Journal of Medicine, 2025 PubMed: Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese |
Mazdutide | Human | Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Body weight change, cardiometabolic measures and safety in Chinese adults |
| 2024 | A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis New England Journal of Medicine, 2024 PubMed: A phase 2 randomized |
Survodutide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Histological MASH and fibrosis endpoints on liver biopsy |
| 2024 | A synthetic ERR agonist alleviates metabolic syndrome Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2024 PubMed: A synthetic ERR agonist |
SLU-PP-332 | Animal | Diet-induced and genetic obese mouse models | Body weight, fat mass, glucose tolerance and energy expenditure in obese mice |
| 2024 | Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2024 PubMed: Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor |
Survodutide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial | Body weight change, safety and tolerability in overweight and obesity |
| 2024 | Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial Nature Medicine, 2024 PubMed: Triple hormone receptor agonist |
Retatrutide | Human | Phase 2a substudy of a randomised placebo-controlled trial | Liver fat content by MRI and metabolic markers in MASLD |
| 2023 | A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity Nature Communications, 2023 PubMed: A phase 2 randomised |
Mazdutide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Body weight change, metabolic parameters and safety in Chinese adults |
| 2023 | Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA The Lancet, 2023 PubMed: Retatrutide a GIP GLP-1 |
Retatrutide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, placebo and active-controlled trial | HbA1c, body weight and safety in type 2 diabetes |
| 2023 | Synthetic ERRalpha/beta/gamma agonist induces an ERRalpha-dependent acute aerobic exercise response and enhances exercise capacity ACS Chemical Biology, 2023 PubMed: Synthetic ERRalpha/beta/gamma agonist induces |
SLU-PP-332 | Animal | In-vitro receptor assays and mouse studies | ERR agonist activity, skeletal muscle gene expression and exercise capacity in mice |
| 2023 | Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity: a phase 2 trial New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 PubMed: Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for |
Retatrutide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Body weight change, cardiometabolic measures and safety in obesity |
| 2023 | Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2.4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial The Lancet, 2023 PMID 37364590 |
Retatrutide + Cagrilintide blend | Human | Combination-approach study: amylin analogue with a GLP-1 receptor agonist (not retatrutide), phase 2 randomised double-blind trial | Glycated haemoglobin, continuous glucose monitoring measures and safety in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| 2022 | BI 456906: discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy Molecular Metabolism, 2022 PubMed: BI 456906 discovery and |
Survodutide | Animal | Preclinical pharmacology: in-vitro receptor assays and rodent models | Receptor potency at GCGR and GLP-1R, energy expenditure and body weight in rodents |
| 2022 | LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial The Lancet, 2022 PubMed: LY3437943 a novel triple |
Retatrutide | Human | Phase 1b, randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose trial | Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and glycaemic measures in type 2 diabetes |
| 2022 | LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: from discovery to clinical proof of concept Cell Metabolism, 2022 PubMed: LY3437943 a novel triple |
Retatrutide | Other | Discovery pharmacology, rodent studies and phase 1 human study | Receptor potency at GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, pharmacokinetics and body weight |
| 2022 | Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022 PMID 35333651 |
Tirzepatide | Other | Cryo-electron microscopy structures with molecular dynamics and receptor signalling assays | How the peptide binds and activates the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, and the role of its lipid moiety |
| 2022 | LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept Cell Metabolism, 2022 PMID 35985340 |
Retatrutide + Cagrilintide blend | Other | Component study (retatrutide alone): discovery report with in-vitro receptor assays, rodent pharmacology and a phase 1 human study | Receptor potency at the glucagon, GIP and GLP-1 receptors and pharmacokinetics of the triple agonist component |
| 2021 | Development of cagrilintide, a long-acting amylin analogue Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2021 PubMed: Development of cagrilintide a |
Cagrilintide | Cell culture | Medicinal chemistry with in-vitro and animal pharmacology | Design, receptor activity, stability and half-life of acylated amylin analogues |
| 2021 | IBI362 (LY3305677), a weekly-dose GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: a randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose phase 1b study EClinicalMedicine, 2021 PubMed: IBI362 (LY3305677) a weekly-dose |
Mazdutide | Human | Phase 1b, randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose study | Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and body weight in Chinese adults |
| 2021 | MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis Nature Communications, 2021 PubMed: MOTS-c is an exercise-induced |
MOTS-C | Animal | Mouse ageing studies with human exercise plasma sampling | Exercise-induced MOTS-c levels, physical capacity and skeletal muscle homeostasis with age |
| 2021 | NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2021 PubMed: NAD+ metabolism and its |
NAD+ | Review | Narrative review | NAD+ synthesis, consumption and signalling pathways in cellular ageing |
| 2021 | Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial The Lancet, 2021 PubMed: Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight |
Cagrilintide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, placebo and active-controlled dose-finding trial | Body weight change, safety and tolerability in overweight and obesity |
| 2021 | Peptide regulation of gene expression: a systematic review Molecules, 2021 PubMed: Peptide regulation of gene |
Cartalax | Review | Systematic review | Short peptide interactions with DNA and histones and resulting gene expression changes |
| 2021 | Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial The Lancet, 2021 PubMed: Safety tolerability pharmacokinetics and |
Cagrilintide | Human | Phase 1b, randomised, placebo-controlled trial | Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and body weight with semaglutide co-administration |
| 2021 | Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial The Lancet, 2021 PMID 34186022 |
Tirzepatide | Human | Phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial | Glycated haemoglobin, fasting glucose and safety with once-weekly administration as monotherapy |
| 2021 | Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2021 PMID 34288673 |
Retatrutide + Cagrilintide blend | Animal | Component study (cagrilintide alone): medicinal chemistry with in-vitro receptor assays and rodent pharmacology | Amylin sequence modification, acylation, fibrillation resistance, receptor activity and half-life of the amylin analogue component |
| 2021 | Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial The Lancet, 2021 PMID 33894838 |
Retatrutide + Cagrilintide blend | Human | Combination-approach study: amylin analogue with a GLP-1 receptor agonist (not retatrutide), phase 1b randomised controlled trial | Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of an amylin analogue given together with a GLP-1 receptor agonist |
| 2020 | AEDG peptide (Epitalon) stimulates gene expression and protein synthesis during neurogenesis: possible epigenetic mechanism Molecules, 2020 PubMed: AEDG peptide (Epitalon) stimulates |
Epitalon | Cell culture | In vitro stem cell study with molecular modelling | Neurogenic gene expression, protein synthesis and peptide binding to histone proteins |
| 2020 | Peptide regulation of cell differentiation Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 2020 PubMed: Peptide regulation of cell |
Cartalax | Review | Narrative review of short peptide research | Short peptide effects on stem cell differentiation and related gene expression |
| 2020 | Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist JCI Insight, 2020 PMID 32730231 |
Tirzepatide | Cell culture | In-vitro receptor pharmacology in cell lines and primary islets | Relative potency at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, cAMP signalling versus beta-arrestin recruitment, and receptor internalisation |
| 2020 | Functional connectomic approach to studying Selank and Semax effects Doklady Biological Sciences, 2020 PMID 32342318 |
Semax + Selank blend | Human | Resting-state fMRI study with placebo group, each peptide separately | Resting-state functional connectivity of amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal regions |
| 2018 | BPC 157 and standard angiogenic growth factors. Gastrointestinal tract healing, lessons from tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018 PubMed: BPC 157 and standard |
BPC-157 | Review | Narrative review | Relationship between BPC 157 and angiogenic growth factors across gut and musculoskeletal tissue models |
| 2018 | Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy Neurology, 2018 PubMed: Randomized dose-escalation trial of |
SS-31 | Human | Phase 1/2, randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial | Safety, tolerability and exercise performance measures in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy |
| 2018 | Regulation of cellular senescence via the FOXO4-p53 axis FEBS Letters, 2018 PubMed: Regulation of cellular senescence |
FOXO4-DRI | Review | Narrative review | Molecular interaction between FOXO4 and p53 in cellular senescence |
| 2018 | Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice Biochemical Pharmacology, 2018 PubMed: Selective and membrane-permeable small |
5-Amino-1MQ | Animal | In-vitro adipocyte assays and diet-induced obese mouse model | NNMT inhibitor selectivity, cell permeability, adiposity and body weight in mice |
| 2018 | The mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to metabolic stress Cell Metabolism, 2018 PubMed: The mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c |
MOTS-C | Cell culture | Cell culture stress experiments | Nuclear translocation of MOTS-c and regulation of stress-response gene expression |
| 2018 | Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence Cell Metabolism, 2018 PubMed: Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting |
NAD+ | Review | Narrative review of in vivo studies | In vivo evidence on NAD precursors and other NAD-raising compounds across disease models |
| 2018 | LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept Molecular Metabolism, 2018 PMID 30473097 |
Tirzepatide | Other | Discovery report combining in-vitro receptor assays, rodent pharmacology and early phase 1 and phase 2 human studies | Receptor potency at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, pharmacokinetics and glycaemic markers of the dual agonist LY3298176 |
| 2018 | Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial The Lancet, 2018 PMID 30293770 |
Tirzepatide | Human | Phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled trial | Glycated haemoglobin, fasting glucose, safety and tolerability in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| 2017 | Peptide Selank enhances the effect of diazepam in reducing anxiety in unpredictable chronic mild stress conditions in rats Behavioural Neurology, 2017 PubMed: Peptide Selank enhances the |
Selank | Animal | Rat chronic mild stress model | Anxiety-related behaviour with Selank alone and combined with diazepam under chronic stress |
| 2017 | Senescent cells: an emerging target for diseases of ageing Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2017 PubMed: Senescent cells an emerging |
FOXO4-DRI | Review | Narrative review | Senescent cell biology and approaches to targeting senescent cells in age-related disease |
| 2017 | Structure-activity relationship for small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2017 PubMed: Structure-activity relationship for small |
5-Amino-1MQ | Cell culture | Medicinal chemistry and enzyme inhibition assays | Structure-activity relationships of quinolinium and related NNMT inhibitors |
| 2017 | Targeted apoptosis of senescent cells restores tissue homeostasis in response to chemotoxicity and aging Cell, 2017 PubMed: Targeted apoptosis of senescent |
FOXO4-DRI | Animal | Mouse ageing and chemotoxicity models with cell culture work | FOXO4 and p53 interaction in senescent cells and senescent cell clearance in mice |
| 2017 | Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation Journal of Molecular Medicine, 2017 PubMed: Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic |
BPC-157 | Animal | Rat hind limb ischaemia model with endothelial cell experiments | Angiogenesis, blood flow recovery and VEGFR2 expression, internalisation and signalling |
| 2017 | Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism Doklady Biological Sciences, 2017 PMID 28702721 |
Semax + Selank blend | Animal | Rat 6-OHDA lesion model, each peptide tested separately | Behavioural test measures in lesioned rats given Semax or Selank |
| 2016 | CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SIRT3-dependent mechanism Cell Metabolism, 2016 PubMed: CD38 dictates age-related NAD |
NAD+ | Animal | Mouse ageing and knockout study with cell work | Role of CD38 in tissue NAD levels, SIRT3 activity and mitochondrial function with age |
| 2016 | Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2016 PubMed: Selank administration affects the |
Selank | Animal | Rat brain gene expression study | Expression of GABAergic neurotransmission genes in rat frontal cortex |
| 2016 | Selank administration affects the expression of some genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2016 PMID 26924987 |
Semax + Selank blend | Animal | Rat frontal cortex gene expression study (Selank only) | Expression of GABAergic neurotransmission genes in rat frontal cortex |
| 2015 | GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration BioMed Research International, 2015 PubMed: GHK peptide as a |
GHK-Cu | Review | Narrative review including gene expression data analysis | Cellular pathways and gene expression patterns linked to GHK in skin biology |
| 2015 | NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration Science, 2015 PubMed: NAD+ in aging metabolism |
NAD+ | Review | Narrative review | NAD+ biology, its age-related changes and links to metabolism and neurodegeneration |
| 2015 | Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione European Journal of Nutrition, 2015 PubMed: Randomized controlled trial of |
Glutathione | Human | Randomised, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults | Glutathione levels in blood, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and buccal cells, plus oxidative stress markers |
| 2015 | The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance Cell Metabolism, 2015 PubMed: The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c |
MOTS-C | Animal | Cell culture and mouse diet-induced obesity studies | Discovery of MOTS-c, AMPK signalling, glucose handling and insulin sensitivity |
| 2014 | Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial JAMA, 2014 PubMed: Effect of tesamorelin on |
Tesamorelin | Human | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Visceral fat and hepatic fat content in HIV with abdominal fat accumulation |
| 2014 | Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial JAMA, 2014 PubMed: Effect of tesamorelin on |
Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin | Human | Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Visceral fat and hepatic fat content in HIV with abdominal fat accumulation |
| 2014 | First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics British Journal of Pharmacology, 2014 PubMed: First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as |
SS-31 | Review | Narrative review | Mechanism of cardiolipin-targeted peptides and their evaluation across preclinical and clinical models |
| 2014 | Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase knockdown protects against diet-induced obesity |
5-Amino-1MQ | Animal | Mouse diet-induced obesity model with antisense knockdown | Role of NNMT in adipose energy expenditure, NAD+ and SAM metabolism |
| 2014 | The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis BMC Genomics, 2014 PubMed: The peptide semax affects |
Semax | Animal | Rat focal cerebral ischaemia model, genome-wide transcriptomics | Genome-wide gene expression in ischaemic rat brain, focusing on immune and vascular genes |
| 2013 | Glutathione synthesis Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2013 PubMed: Glutathione synthesis |
Glutathione | Review | Narrative review | Enzymes and regulation of glutathione synthesis |
| 2013 | The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2013 PubMed: The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 |
SS-31 | Animal | Rat renal ischaemia model with biochemical binding assays | Cardiolipin binding, cytochrome c interaction and mitochondrial bioenergetics after ischaemia |
| 2011 | A peptidomimetic targeting white fat causes weight loss and improved insulin resistance in obese monkeys Science Translational Medicine, 2011 PubMed: A peptidomimetic targeting white |
Adipotide | Animal | Obese rhesus monkey study | Body weight, adiposity, insulin sensitivity and renal safety markers in primates |
| 2011 | The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011 PubMed: The promoting effect of |
BPC-157 | Cell culture | In vitro rat tendon fibroblast and explant study | Tendon fibroblast outgrowth, survival under oxidative stress, migration and FAK paxillin signalling |
| 2011 | The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011 PubMed: The promoting effect of |
BPC-157 + TB-500 blend | Cell culture | In vitro rat tendon fibroblast and explant study | Tendon fibroblast outgrowth, survival under oxidative stress, migration and FAK paxillin signalling |
| 2011 | The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011 PubMed: The promoting effect of |
GLOW BPC + TB + GHK-Cu | Cell culture | In vitro rat tendon fibroblast and explant study | Tendon fibroblast outgrowth, survival under oxidative stress, migration and FAK paxillin signalling |
| 2010 | Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2010 PubMed: Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507) |
Tesamorelin | Human | Pooled analysis of two phase 3 placebo-controlled trials | Visceral fat, body composition, IGF-I and long-term safety data |
| 2010 | Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects Biogerontology, 2010 PubMed: Peptide bioregulation of aging |
Thymalin | Review | Narrative review of animal and human studies | Research on thymic and pineal peptide preparations in ageing models and older subjects |
| 2010 | Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update Pharmaceutical Research, 2010 PubMed: Stability of protein pharmaceuticals |
KLOW | Review | Review of formulation science | Chemical and physical degradation pathways of protein and peptide drugs and stabilisation approaches |
| 2010 | Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update Pharmaceutical Research, 2010 PubMed: Stability of protein pharmaceuticals |
Acetic Acid | Other | Formulation science review | Chemical and physical degradation pathways of protein drugs and stabilisation approaches |
| 2010 | Dose combinations of exendin-4 and salmon calcitonin produce additive and synergistic reductions in food intake in nonhuman primates American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2010 PMID 20554932 |
Retatrutide + Cagrilintide blend | Animal | Combination-approach study: GLP-1 receptor agonist plus calcitonin receptor agonist in nonhuman primates (neither blend component) | Food intake with a GLP-1 receptor agonist and a calcitonin receptor agonist given alone and in combination |
| 2009 | Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 2009 PubMed: Glutathione overview of its |
Glutathione | Review | Narrative review | Glutathione protective roles, analytical measurement methods and biosynthetic pathway |
| 2008 | Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2008 PubMed: Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has |
KPV | Animal | Mouse chemically induced colitis models | Colitis severity markers, histology and inflammatory mediators in wild type and melanocortin receptor mutant mice |
| 2008 | Nonerythropoietic, tissue-protective peptides derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2008 PubMed: Nonerythropoietic tissue-protective peptides derived |
ARA-290 | Animal | Peptide design with rodent tissue injury models | Design of erythropoietin helix B derived peptides and their tissue-protective and haematopoietic activity |
| 2008 | PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation Gastroenterology, 2008 PubMed: PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake |
KPV | Animal | Mouse colitis models with intestinal epithelial cell culture | PepT1 transport of KPV into intestinal cells and inflammatory signalling markers |
| 2007 | A simple diagnostic test using GH-releasing peptide-2 in adult GH deficiency European Journal of Endocrinology, 2007 PubMed: A simple diagnostic test |
GHRP-2 | Human | Multicentre diagnostic study in adults | Diagnostic accuracy of a GHRP-2 stimulation test for adult GH deficiency |
| 2007 | Antimicrobial preservative use in parenteral products: past and present Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2007 PubMed: Antimicrobial preservative use in |
BAC Water Bacteriostatic | Other | Formulation science review of marketed products | Types and use of antimicrobial preservatives in parenteral products |
| 2007 | Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV New England Journal of Medicine, 2007 PubMed: Metabolic effects of a |
Tesamorelin | Human | Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Visceral adipose tissue, lipids, glucose parameters and safety in HIV lipodystrophy |
| 2007 | Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV New England Journal of Medicine, 2007 PubMed: Metabolic effects of a |
Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin | Human | Phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Visceral adipose tissue, lipids, glucose parameters and safety in HIV lipodystrophy |
| 2006 | Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle Journal of Neurochemistry, 2006 PubMed: Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) |
DSIP | Review | Narrative review | Status of DSIP research, including its unidentified gene, receptor and physiological role |
| 2006 | LL-37, the only human member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2006 PubMed: LL-37 the only human |
LL-37 | Review | Narrative review | Structure, membrane interactions and biological roles of the human cathelicidin LL-37 |
| 2006 | Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization Peptides, 2006 PubMed: Melanocortin peptide therapeutics historical |
Melanotan 1 | Review | Historical narrative review | Development history of melanocortin peptide analogues through clinical research |
| 2006 | Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization Peptides, 2006 PubMed: Melanocortin peptide therapeutics historical |
Melanotan II | Review | Historical narrative review | Development history of melanocortin peptide analogues through clinical research |
| 2006 | Melanocortin peptide therapeutics: historical milestones, clinical studies and commercialization Peptides, 2006 PubMed: Melanocortin peptide therapeutics historical |
PT-141 | Review | Historical narrative review | Development history of melanocortin peptide analogues through clinical research |
| 2006 | Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006 PubMed: Prolonged stimulation of growth |
CJC-1295 with DAC | Human | Randomised, placebo-controlled, ascending dose trials in healthy adults | Pharmacokinetics, GH and IGF-I levels, and safety in healthy adults |
| 2006 | Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006 PubMed: Prolonged stimulation of growth |
CJC-1295 no DAC | Human | Randomised, placebo-controlled, ascending dose trials in healthy adults | Pharmacokinetics, GH and IGF-I levels, and safety in healthy adults |
| 2006 | Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006 PubMed: Pulsatile secretion of growth |
CJC-1295 with DAC | Human | Clinical study with frequent blood sampling in healthy men | Pulsatile GH secretion patterns and IGF-I levels during analogue exposure |
| 2006 | Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus Brain Research, 2006 PubMed: Semax an analog of |
Semax | Animal | Rat hippocampus expression and behaviour study | BDNF and trkB expression in rat hippocampus alongside conditioned avoidance behaviour |
| 2006 | Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system Endocrine Reviews, 2006 PubMed: Studies on the physiological |
PT-141 | Review | Narrative review | Physiological functions of melanocortin receptors in energy balance, pigmentation and other systems |
| 2006 | Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus Brain Research, 2006 PMID 16996037 |
Semax + Selank blend | Animal | Rat hippocampus expression study (Semax only) | BDNF and TrkB expression in rat hippocampus with conditioned avoidance testing |
| 2005 | hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog Endocrinology, 2005 PubMed: hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the |
CJC-1295 with DAC | Animal | Rat study with in-vitro receptor assays | GRF receptor activation and duration of action of albumin-binding GRF analogues |
| 2005 | hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog Endocrinology, 2005 PubMed: hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the |
CJC-1295 no DAC | Animal | Rat study with in-vitro receptor assays | GRF receptor activation and duration of action of albumin-binding GRF analogues |
| 2005 | hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog Endocrinology, 2005 PubMed: hGRF1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the |
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin no DAC blend | Animal | Rat study with in-vitro receptor assays | GRF receptor activation and duration of action of albumin-binding GRF analogues |
| 2005 | Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2005 PubMed: Thymosin beta4 actin-sequestering protein |
TB-500 | Review | Narrative review | Actin-sequestering biology of thymosin beta 4 and its roles in tissue repair models |
| 2005 | Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2005 PubMed: Thymosin beta4 actin-sequestering protein |
BPC-157 + TB-500 blend | Review | Narrative review | Actin-sequestering biology of thymosin beta 4 and its roles in tissue repair models |
| 2005 | Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues Trends in Molecular Medicine, 2005 PubMed: Thymosin beta4 actin-sequestering protein |
GLOW BPC + TB + GHK-Cu | Review | Narrative review | Actin-sequestering biology of thymosin beta 4 and its roles in tissue repair models |
| 2004 | Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death, and reperfusion injury Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2004 PubMed: Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted |
SS-31 | Cell culture | In vitro mitochondria and cell study with isolated heart model | Mitochondrial uptake of SS peptides, mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death and reperfusion injury |
| 2004 | Erythropoietin mediates tissue protection through an erythropoietin and common beta-subunit heteroreceptor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2004 PubMed: Erythropoietin mediates tissue protection |
ARA-290 | Animal | Knockout mouse injury models with receptor binding studies | Role of the erythropoietin receptor and common beta receptor in tissue protection |
| 2004 | Hyaluronan: from extracellular glue to pericellular cue Nature Reviews Cancer, 2004 PubMed: Hyaluronan from extracellular glue |
Hyaluronic Acid | Review | Narrative review | Hyaluronan signalling, receptors and roles in tumour biology |
| 2004 | Reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue Nature Medicine, 2004 PubMed: Reversal of obesity by |
Adipotide | Animal | Phage display screening with obese mouse model | Vascular targeting of white adipose tissue via prohibitin binding |
| 2004 | The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation Pharmacological Reviews, 2004 PubMed: The significance of vasoactive |
VIP | Review | Narrative review | Roles of VIP and its receptors in innate and adaptive immune cell signalling |
| 2004 | Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling Blood, 2004 PubMed: Thymosin alpha 1 activates |
Thymosin Alpha-1 | Animal | Mouse fungal infection model with dendritic cell culture | Dendritic cell activation, toll-like receptor signalling and Th1 responses to fungal challenge |
| 2004 | Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair Nature, 2004 PubMed: Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked |
TB-500 | Animal | Mouse coronary ligation model with cardiac cell culture | Cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell migration, survival, integrin-linked kinase and Akt signalling |
| 2003 | Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice Biogerontology, 2003 PubMed: Effect of Epitalon on |
Epitalon | Animal | Long-term mouse ageing study | Ageing biomarkers, life span and spontaneous tumour incidence in female SHR mice |
| 2003 | Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2003 PubMed: Epithalon peptide induces telomerase |
Epitalon | Cell culture | Human fetal fibroblast culture study | Telomerase activity and telomere length in cultured human somatic cells exposed to the peptide |
| 2003 | Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2003 PubMed: Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 |
BPC-157 | Animal | Rat Achilles tendon transection model with in vitro tendocyte culture | Functional, biomechanical and histological tendon measures and tendocyte growth in culture |
| 2003 | Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2003 PubMed: Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 |
BPC-157 + TB-500 blend | Animal | Rat Achilles tendon transection model with in vitro tendocyte culture | Functional, biomechanical and histological tendon measures and tendocyte growth in culture |
| 2003 | Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to loss of function of the KiSS1-derived peptide receptor GPR54 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 2003 PubMed: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to |
Kisspeptin-10 | Human | Human genetic study of a consanguineous family | GPR54 gene mutations in families with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism |
| 2002 | A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2002 PubMed: A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) |
SNAP-8 | Cell culture | In vitro study with small human skin evaluation | SNARE complex formation, neurotransmitter release and skin wrinkle measures for a SNAP-25 derived peptide |
| 2002 | CD36 mediates the cardiovascular action of growth hormone-releasing peptides in the heart Circulation Research, 2002 PubMed: CD36 mediates the cardiovascular |
Hexarelin | Animal | Isolated heart and receptor binding studies | Cardiac binding sites and coronary perfusion responses mediated by CD36 |
| 2002 | Peptides and ageing Neuroendocrinology Letters, 2002 PubMed: Peptides and ageing |
Thymalin | Review | Review of experimental and clinical research programme | Short peptide bioregulators, including thymic preparations, examined in ageing research |
| 2001 | Human cathelicidin, hCAP-18, is processed to the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by extracellular cleavage with proteinase 3 Blood, 2001 PubMed: Human cathelicidin hCAP-18 is |
LL-37 | Cell culture | Biochemical study of neutrophil protein processing | Enzyme responsible for extracellular cleavage of hCAP-18 into LL-37 |
| 2001 | Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment International Journal of Obesity, 2001 PubMed: Increase of fat oxidation |
HGH Fragment 176-191 | Animal | Obese mouse model, chronic treatment study | Fat oxidation, body weight and adipose tissue parameters in obese mice |
| 2001 | Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes peptide ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor Nature, 2001 PubMed: Metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 |
Kisspeptin-10 | Cell culture | Ligand isolation and receptor pharmacology study | Isolation of metastin from placenta and its binding to the receptor OT7T175 |
| 2001 | The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice Endocrinology, 2001 PubMed: The effects of human |
AOD-9604 | Animal | Obese and beta3-adrenergic receptor knockout mouse models | Lipid metabolism markers, fat oxidation and beta3 receptor involvement |
| 2001 | The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001 PubMed: The metastasis suppressor gene |
Kisspeptin-10 | Cell culture | Receptor deorphanisation and peptide characterisation | Identification of kisspeptin peptides as GPR54 ligands and receptor tissue distribution |
| 2001 | Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia, 2001 PMID 11443939 |
Semax + Selank blend | Cell culture | In-vitro biochemical assay with human serum, both peptides | Inhibition of serum enkephalin-degrading enzymes by Semax, Selank and their fragments |
| 2000 | LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2000 PubMed: LL-37 the neutrophil granule- |
LL-37 | Cell culture | In vitro human leukocyte chemotaxis and receptor study | Chemotactic activity of LL-37 on human leukocytes and FPRL1 receptor usage |
| 2000 | Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2000 PubMed: Lyophilization and development of |
KLOW | Review | Review of formulation science | Freeze-drying stresses, stabilising excipients and storage stability of solid protein formulations |
| 2000 | Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone Hormone Research, 2000 PubMed: Metabolic studies of a |
AOD-9604 | Animal | Rodent studies with adipose tissue assays | Lipolytic and antilipogenic activity of a synthetic GH fragment in adipose tissue |
| 1999 | Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature, 1999 PubMed: Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing |
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin no DAC blend | Animal | Peptide purification and characterisation with cell and rat assays | Identification of the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor |
| 1999 | Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature, 1999 PubMed: Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing |
Ipamorelin | Animal | Peptide purification and characterisation with cell and rat assays | Identification of the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor |
| 1999 | Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature, 1999 PubMed: Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing |
GHRP-2 | Animal | Peptide purification and characterisation with cell and rat assays | Identification of the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor |
| 1999 | Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature, 1999 PubMed: Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing |
GHRP-6 | Animal | Peptide purification and characterisation with cell and rat assays | Identification of the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor |
| 1999 | Instability, stabilization, and formulation of liquid protein pharmaceuticals International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1999 PubMed: Instability stabilization and formulation |
Acetic Acid | Other | Formulation science review | Instability mechanisms of liquid protein formulations and the role of pH, buffers and excipients |
| 1999 | Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers Pharmaceutical Research, 1999 PubMed: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin |
Ipamorelin | Human | Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling study in healthy volunteers | Plasma concentration profiles and GH response modelling |
| 1999 | Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency BioDrugs, 1999 PubMed: Sermorelin a review of |
Sermorelin | Review | Drug review | Pharmacology and clinical use in paediatric GH deficiency diagnosis and treatment |
| 1999 | Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1999 PubMed: Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound |
TB-500 | Animal | Rat full-thickness wound model with cell migration assays | Wound re-epithelialisation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis and keratinocyte migration |
| 1999 | Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 1999 PubMed: Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound |
BPC-157 + TB-500 blend | Animal | Rat full-thickness wound model with cell migration assays | Wound re-epithelialisation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis and keratinocyte migration |
| 1998 | Crystal structure of a SNARE complex involved in synaptic exocytosis at 2.4 A resolution Nature, 1998 PubMed: Crystal structure of a |
SNAP-8 | Cell culture | X-ray crystallography study | Three-dimensional structure of the synaptic SNARE core complex |
| 1998 | International Union of Pharmacology. XVIII. Nomenclature of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide Pharmacological Reviews, 1998 PubMed: International Union of Pharmacology. |
VIP | Review | Receptor nomenclature report | Classification and naming of VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1 receptors |
| 1998 | Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue European Journal of Endocrinology, 1998 PubMed: Ipamorelin the first selective |
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin no DAC blend | Animal | In-vitro pituitary cell and in-vivo rat and swine studies | GH release potency and selectivity versus ACTH and cortisol release |
| 1998 | Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue European Journal of Endocrinology, 1998 PubMed: Ipamorelin the first selective |
Ipamorelin | Animal | In-vitro pituitary cell and in-vivo rat and swine studies | GH release potency and selectivity versus ACTH and cortisol release |
| 1998 | Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue European Journal of Endocrinology, 1998 PubMed: Ipamorelin the first selective |
Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin | Animal | In-vitro pituitary cell and in-vivo rat and swine studies | GH release potency and selectivity versus ACTH and cortisol release |
| 1996 | A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release Science, 1996 PubMed: A receptor in pituitary |
GHRP-2 | Cell culture | Expression cloning and receptor characterisation | Cloning and tissue distribution of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor |
| 1996 | A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release Science, 1996 PubMed: A receptor in pituitary |
GHRP-6 | Cell culture | Expression cloning and receptor characterisation | Cloning and tissue distribution of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor |
| 1996 | KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1996 PubMed: KiSS-1 a novel human |
Kisspeptin-10 | Cell culture | Gene discovery by subtractive hybridisation in melanoma cells | Identification of the KiSS-1 gene and its expression in melanoma cell lines |
| 1996 | The human gene FALL39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes European Journal of Biochemistry, 1996 PubMed: The human gene FALL39 |
LL-37 | Cell culture | Gene characterisation and granulocyte protein processing study | Structure of the FALL39 gene and processing of the precursor to LL-37 |
| 1994 | GH-releasing activity of Hexarelin, a new growth hormone releasing peptide, in infant and adult rats Life Sciences, 1994 PubMed: GH-releasing activity of Hexarelin |
Hexarelin | Animal | Infant and adult rat studies | GH-releasing activity across ages in rats |
| 1994 | Growth hormone-releasing activity of hexarelin, a new synthetic hexapeptide, after intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral administration in man Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1994 PubMed: Growth hormone-releasing activity of |
Hexarelin | Human | Clinical study in healthy volunteers | GH release after different administration routes |
| 1993 | Antilipogenic action of synthetic C-terminal sequence 177-191 of human growth hormone Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International, 1993 PubMed: Antilipogenic action of synthetic |
HGH Fragment 176-191 | Animal | Rodent adipose tissue studies, ex vivo and in vivo | Lipogenesis in adipose tissue exposed to a synthetic C-terminal GH peptide |
| 1993 | SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion Nature, 1993 PubMed: SNAP receptors implicated in |
SNAP-8 | Cell culture | Biochemical protein purification study | Identification of SNAP receptor proteins involved in synaptic vesicle docking and fusion |
| 1992 | Human growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex Science, 1992 PubMed: Human growth hormone and |
AOD-9604 | Cell culture | X-ray crystallography of a protein complex | Three-dimensional structure of growth hormone bound to its receptor extracellular domain |
| 1992 | Human growth hormone and extracellular domain of its receptor: crystal structure of the complex Science, 1992 PubMed: Human growth hormone and |
HGH Fragment 176-191 | Cell culture | X-ray crystallography of a protein complex | Three-dimensional structure of growth hormone bound to its receptor extracellular domain |
| 1992 | Hyaluronan FASEB Journal, 1992 PubMed: Hyaluronan |
Hyaluronic Acid | Review | Narrative review | Structure, tissue distribution, turnover and functions of hyaluronan |
| 1992 | Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 1992 PubMed: Novel recombinant fusion protein |
IGF-1 LR3 | Cell culture | In-vitro binding and cell bioassays of recombinant analogues | IGF-binding protein affinity, receptor binding and biological potency of IGF-I analogues |
| 1992 | Novel recombinant fusion protein analogues of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I indicate the relative importance of IGF-binding protein and receptor binding for enhanced biological potency Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 1992 PubMed: Novel recombinant fusion protein |
Acetic Acid | Cell culture | In vitro binding and bioassay study | IGF binding protein affinity, receptor binding and cell potency of IGF-I fusion analogues |
| 1992 | The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors Science, 1992 PubMed: The cloning of a |
Melanotan 1 | Cell culture | Molecular cloning and receptor expression study | Cloning of melanocortin receptor genes and their ligand responses and tissue expression |
| 1992 | The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors Science, 1992 PubMed: The cloning of a |
Melanotan II | Cell culture | Molecular cloning and receptor expression study | Cloning of melanocortin receptor genes and their ligand responses and tissue expression |
| 1992 | The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors Science, 1992 PubMed: The cloning of a |
PT-141 | Cell culture | Molecular cloning and receptor expression study | Cloning of melanocortin receptor genes and their ligand responses and tissue expression |
| 1991 | Thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1991 PubMed: Thymosin beta 4 and |
TB-500 | Cell culture | Biochemical characterisation of platelet peptide | Identity of the actin-sequestering peptide Fx with thymosin beta 4 and G-actin binding |
| 1990 | CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate Cell, 1990 PubMed: CD44 is the principal |
Hyaluronic Acid | Cell culture | In vitro receptor binding study | Binding of hyaluronate to the CD44 cell surface glycoprotein |
| 1989 | Potent and prolonged acting cyclic lactam analogues of alpha-melanotropin: design based on molecular dynamics Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1989 PubMed: Potent and prolonged acting |
Melanotan II | Cell culture | Structure-based peptide design with in vitro bioassays | Design of cyclic lactam alpha-MSH analogues and their melanotropic potency and duration |
| 1988 | Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ FEBS Letters, 1988 PubMed: Stimulation of collagen synthesis |
GLOW BPC + TB + GHK-Cu | Cell culture | Human fibroblast culture study | Collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures exposed to the GHK copper complex |
| 1988 | Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ FEBS Letters, 1988 PubMed: Stimulation of collagen synthesis |
GHK-Cu | Cell culture | Human fibroblast culture study | Collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures exposed to the GHK copper complex |
| 1984 | Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a review Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 1984 PubMed: Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) a |
DSIP | Review | Narrative review | Chemistry, distribution and reported physiological actions of DSIP |
| 1984 | On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormone Endocrinology, 1984 PubMed: On the in vitro |
GHRP-6 | Animal | In-vitro pituitary and in-vivo rat studies | Specificity and site of action of a synthetic GH-releasing hexapeptide |
| 1984 | Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of the major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha 1 in rat thymus Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1984 PubMed: Prothymosin alpha isolation and |
Thymosin Alpha-1 | Cell culture | Protein isolation and biochemical characterisation | Identification and properties of prothymosin alpha as the precursor form in rat thymus |
| 1983 | Glutathione Annual Review of Biochemistry, 1983 PubMed: Glutathione |
Glutathione | Review | Narrative review | Glutathione synthesis, metabolism, transport and biochemical functions |
| 1982 | Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour Nature, 1982 PubMed: Characterization of a growth |
Sermorelin | Cell culture | Peptide purification and characterisation with bioassays | Structure and GH-releasing activity of a tumour-derived releasing factor |
| 1982 | Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly Science, 1982 PubMed: Growth hormone-releasing factor from |
Sermorelin | Cell culture | Peptide isolation and sequencing with pituitary cell bioassay | Isolation, sequence and GH-releasing activity of tumour-derived GRF |
| 1981 | Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1981 PubMed: Complete amino acid sequence |
TB-500 | Cell culture | Protein isolation and amino acid sequencing | Full amino acid sequence of thymosin beta 4 and its activity in thymocyte populations |
| 1981 | Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1981 PubMed: Complete amino acid sequence |
BPC-157 + TB-500 blend | Cell culture | Protein isolation and amino acid sequencing | Full amino acid sequence of thymosin beta 4 and its activity in thymocyte populations |
| 1980 | 4-Norleucine, 7-D-phenylalanine-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a highly potent alpha-melanotropin with ultralong biological activity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1980 PubMed: 4-Norleucine 7-D-phenylalanine-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone a |
Melanotan 1 | Animal | Peptide analogue design with frog skin and melanoma bioassays | Melanotropic potency and duration of activity of a modified alpha-MSH analogue |
| 1978 | The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1978 PubMed: The amino acid sequence |
IGF-1 LR3 | Cell culture | Protein sequencing study | Amino acid sequence of IGF-I and structural comparison with proinsulin |
| 1977 | Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1977 PubMed: Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram |
DSIP | Animal | Rabbit discovery study with peptide isolation | Isolation, characterisation and EEG activity of a sleep-associated peptide in rabbits |
| 1977 | Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 1977 PubMed: Thymosin alpha1 isolation and |
Thymosin Alpha-1 | Cell culture | Protein isolation and amino acid sequencing | Isolation of thymosin alpha 1 from thymic extract and its amino acid sequence |
| 1973 | Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver Nature New Biology, 1973 PubMed: Tripeptide in human serum |
GLOW BPC + TB + GHK-Cu | Cell culture | Isolation of a serum factor tested in liver cell culture | Identification of a plasma tripeptide and its activity on normal and hepatoma liver cells |
| 1973 | Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver Nature New Biology, 1973 PubMed: Tripeptide in human serum |
GHK-Cu | Cell culture | Isolation of a serum factor tested in liver cell culture | Identification of a plasma tripeptide and its activity on normal and hepatoma liver cells |
| 1970 | Polypeptide with broad biological activity: isolation from small intestine Science, 1970 PubMed: Polypeptide with broad biological |
VIP | Animal | Peptide isolation from porcine intestine with bioassays | Isolation of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its vascular activity in bioassays |
| 1934 | The polysaccharide of the vitreous humor Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1934 PubMed: The polysaccharide of the |
Hyaluronic Acid | Other | Biochemical isolation study | Isolation and chemical characterisation of a polysaccharide from bovine vitreous humour |
| 1932 | The effect of lecithine on fat deposition in the liver of the normal rat The Journal of Physiology, 1932 PubMed: The effect of lecithine |
Lipo-C | Animal | Rat dietary study | Liver fat deposition in rats fed lecithin |
| 1932 | The effects of the components of lecithine upon deposition of fat in the liver The Journal of Physiology, 1932 PubMed: The effects of the |
Lipo-C | Animal | Rat dietary study | Liver fat deposition with individual lecithin components including choline |
Bacteriostatic Water for Injection: official monograph United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF), PubMed: Bacteriostatic Water for Injection |
BAC Water Bacteriostatic | Other | Pharmacopoeial monograph, continuously revised | Identity, quality specifications, preservative content and labelling requirements |
This library collects every peer-reviewed study cited across the Macropus Peptides catalogue in one searchable table. Each entry records the year, the journal, the study title linked to PubMed, the compound it relates to, the type of evidence and what the study examined. Select a compound to see only its studies, filter by study type, or search any term across titles, journals and study designs.
A compound's evidence base determines how it should be handled, reconstituted and interpreted in the laboratory. Receptor potency data sets working concentration ranges, pharmacokinetic studies explain stability and half-life, and formulation science explains storage conditions. Every product page in our growth hormone, metabolic, recovery, longevity and cognitive and melanocortin ranges draws on the studies listed here, and each compound name in the table links straight to its product page.
The library records what each study examined. It does not reproduce doses, routes or clinical outcomes, and nothing in it is medical advice. All Macropus Peptides products are supplied for in-vitro laboratory research only and are not for human or veterinary use. Titles link to a PubMed search for the published paper.